| 8.1 |
Students
understand the major events preceding the founding of the
nation and relate their significance to the development of
American constitutional democracy. |
| 8.1.1 |
Describe the
relationship between the moral and political ideas of the
Great Awakening and the development of revolutionary fervor. |
| 8.1.2 |
Analyze the
philosophy of government expressed in the Declaration of
Independence, with an emphasis on government as a means of
securing individual rights (e.g., key phrases such as "all
men are created equal, that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain unalienable Rights"). |
| 8.1.3 |
Analyze how the
American Revolution affected other nations, especially
France. |
| 8.1.4 |
Describe the
nation's blend of civic republicanism, classical liberal
principles, and English parliamentary traditions. |
| 8.2 |
Students analyze
the political principles underlying the U.S. Constitution
and compare the enumerated and implied powers of the federal
government. |
| 8.2.1 |
Discuss the
significance of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights,
and the Mayflower Compact. |
| 8.2.2 |
Analyze the
Articles of Confederation and the Constitution, and the
success of each in implementing the ideals of the
Declaration of Independence. |
| 8.2.3 |
Evaluate the major
debates that occurred during the development of the
Constitution and their ultimate resolutions in such areas as
shared power among institutions, divided state-federal
power, slavery, the rights of individuals and states (later
addressed by the addition of the Bill of Rights), and the
status of American Indian nations under the commerce clause. |
| 8.2.4 |
Describe the
political philosophy underpinning the Constitution as
specified in the Federalist Papers (authored by James
Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay) and the role of
such leaders as Madison, George Washington, Roger Sherman,
Gouverneur Morris, and James Wilson in the writing and
ratification of the Constitution. |
| 8.2.5 |
Understand the
significance of Jefferson's Statute for Religious Freedom as
a forerunner of the First Amendment and the origins,
purpose, and differing views of the founding fathers on the
issue of the separation of church and state. |
| 8.2.6 |
Enumerate the
powers of government set forth in the Constitution and the
fundamental liberties ensured by the Bill of Rights. |
| 8.2.7 |
Describe the
principles of federalism, dual sovereignty, separation of
powers, checks and balances, the nature and purpose of
majority rule, and the ways in which the American idea of
constitutionalism preserves individual rights. |
| 8.3 |
Students
understand the foundation of the American political system
and the ways in which citizens participate in it. |
| 8.3.1 |
Analyze the
principles and concepts codified in state constitutions
between 1777 and 1781 that created the context out of which
American political institutions and ideas developed. |
| 8.3.2 |
Explain how the
ordinances of 1785 and 1787 privatized national resources
and transferred federally owned lands into private holdings,
townships, and states. |
| 8.3.3 |
Enumerate the
advantages of a common market among the states as foreseen
in and protected by the Constitution's clauses on interstate
commerce, common coinage, and full-faith and credit. |
| 8.3.4 |
Understand how the
conflicts between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton
resulted in the emergence of two political parties (e.g.,
view of foreign policy, Alien and Sedition Acts, economic
policy, National Bank, funding and assumption of the
revolutionary debt). |
| 8.3.5 |
Know the
significance of domestic resistance movements and ways in
which the central government responded to such movements
(e.g., Shays' Rebellion, the Whiskey Rebellion). |
| 8.3.6 |
Describe the basic
law-making process and how the Constitution provides
numerous opportunities for citizens to participate in the
political process and to monitor and influence government
(e.g., function of elections, political parties, interest
groups). |
| 8.3.7 |
Understand the
functions and responsibilities of a free press. |
| 8.4 |
Students analyze
the aspirations and ideals of the people of the new nation. |
| 8.4.1 |
Describe the
country's physical landscapes, political divisions, and
territorial expansion during the terms of the first four
presidents. |
| 8.4.2 |
Explain the policy
significance of famous speeches (e.g., Washington's Farewell
Address, Jefferson's 1801 Inaugural Address, John Q. Adams'
Fourth of July 1821 Address). |
| 8.4.3 |
Analyze the rise
of capitalism and the economic problems and conflicts that
accompanied it (e.g., Jackson's opposition to the National
Bank; early decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court that
reinforced the sanctity of contracts and a capitalist
economic system of law). |
| 8.4.4 |
Discuss daily
life, including traditions in art, music, and literature, of
early national America (e.g., through writings by Washington
Irving, James Fenimore Cooper). |
| 8.5 |
Students analyze
U.S. foreign policy in the early Republic. |
| 8.5.1 |
Understand the
political and economic causes and consequences of the War of
1812 and know the major battles, leaders, and events that
led to a final peace. |
| 8.5.2 |
Know the changing
boundaries of the United States and describe the
relationships the country had with its neighbors (current
Mexico and Canada) and Europe, including the influence of
the Monroe Doctrine, and how those relationships influenced
westward expansion and the Mexican-American War. |
| 8.5.3 |
Outline the major
treaties with Indian nations during the administrations of
the first four presidents and the varying outcomes of those
treaties. |
| 8.6 |
Students analyze
the divergent paths of the American people from 1800 to the
mid-1800s and the challenges they faced, with emphasis on
the Northeast. |
| 8.6.1 |
Discuss the
influence of industrialization and technological
developments on the region, including human modification of
the landscape and how physical geography shaped human
actions (e.g., growth of cities, deforestation, farming,
mineral extraction). |
| 8.6.2 |
Outline the
physical obstacles to and the economic and political factors
involved in building a network of roads, canals, and
railroads (e.g., Henry Clay's American System). |
| 8.6.3 |
List the reasons
for the wave of immigration from Northern Europe to the
United States and describe the growth in the number, size,
and spatial arrangements of cities (e.g., Irish immigrants
and the Great Irish Famine). |
| 8.6.4 |
Study the lives of
black Americans who gained freedom in the North and founded
schools and churches to advance their rights and
communities. |
| 8.6.5 |
Trace the
development of the American education system from its
earliest roots, including the roles of religious and private
schools and Hoarce Mann's campaign for free public education
and its assimilating role in American culture. |
| 8.6.6 |
Examine the
women's suffrage movement (e.g., biographies, writings, and
speeches of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Margaret Fuller,
Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony). |
| 8.6.7 |
Identify common
themes in American art as well as transcendentalism and
individualism (e.g., writings about and by Ralph Waldo
Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, Louisa May
Alcott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow). |
| 8.7 |
Students analyze
the divergent paths of the American people in the South from
1800 to the mid-1800s and the challenges they faced. |
| 8.7.1 |
Describe the
development of the agrarian economy in the South, identify
the locations of the cotton-producing states, and discuss
the significance of cotton and the cotton gin. |
| 8.7.2 |
Trace the origins
and development of slavery; its effects on black Americans
and on the region's political, social, religious, economic,
and cultural development; and identify the strategies that
were tried to both overturn and preserve it (e.g., through
the writings and historical documents on Nat Turner, Denmark
Vesey). |
| 8.7.3 |
Examine the
characteristics of white Southern society and how the
physical environment influenced events and conditions prior
to the Civil War. |
| 8.7.4 |
Compare the lives
of and opportunities for free blacks in the North with those
of free blacks in the South. |
| 8.8 |
Students analyze
the divergent paths of the American people in the West from
1800 to the mid-1800s and the challenges they faced. |
| 8.8.1 |
Discuss the
election of Andrew Jackson as president in 1828, the
importance of Jacksonian democracy, and his actions as
president (e.g., the spoils system, veto of the National
Bank, policy of Indian removal, opposition to the Supreme
Court). |
| 8.8.2 |
Describe the
purpose, challenges, and economic incentives associated with
westward expansion, including the concept of Manifest
Destiny (e.g., the Lewis and Clark expedition, accounts of
the removal of Indians, the Cherokees' "Trail of Tears,"
settlement of the Great Plains) and the territorial
acquisitions that spanned numerous decades. |
| 8.8.3 |
Describe the role
of pioneer women and the new status that western women
achieved (e.g., Laura Ingalls Wilder, Annie Bidwell; slave
women gaining freedom in the West; Wyoming granting suffrage
to women in 1869). |
| 8.8.4 |
Examine the
importance of the great rivers and the struggle over water
rights. |
| 8.8.5 |
Discuss Mexican
settlements and their locations, cultural traditions,
attitudes toward slavery, land-grant system, and economies. |
| 8.8.6 |
Describe the Texas
War for Independence and the Mexican-American War, including
territorial settlements, the aftermath of the wars, and the
effects the wars had on the lives of Americans, including
Mexican Americans today. |
| 8.9 |
Students analyze
the early and steady attempts to abolish slavery and to
realize the ideals of the Declaration of Independence. |
| 8.9.1 |
Describe the
leaders of the movement (e.g., John Ouincy Adams and his
proposed constitutional amendment, John Brown and the armed
resistance, Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad,
Benjamin Franklin, Theodore Weld, William Lloyd Garrison,
Frederick Douglass). |
| 8.9.2 |
Discuss the
abolition of slavery in early state constitutions. |
| 8.9.3 |
Describe the
significance of the Northwest Ordinance in education and in
the banning of slavery in new states north of the Ohio
River. |
| 8.9.4 |
Discuss the
importance on the slavery issue of the annexation of Texas
and California's admission to the union as a free state
under the Compromise of 1850. |
| 8.9.5 |
Analyze the
significance of the States' Rights Doctrine, the Missouri
Compromise (1820), the Wilmot Proviso (1846), the Compromise
of 1850, Henry Clay's role in the Missouri Compromise and
the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), the
Dred Scott v. Sandford decision (1857), and the
Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858). |
| 8.9.6 |
Describe the lives
of free blacks and the laws that limited their freedom and
economic opportunities. |
| 8.10 |
Students analyze
the multiple causes, key events, and complex consequences of
the Civil War. |
| 8.10.1 |
Compare the
conflicting interpretations of state and federal authority
as emphasized in the speeches and writings of statesmen such
as Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun. |
| 8.10.2 |
Trace the
boundaries constituting the North and the South, the
geographical differences between the two regions, and the
differences between agrarians and industrialists. |
| 8.10.3 |
Identify the
constitutional issues posed by the doctrine of nullification
and secession and the earliest origins of that doctrine. |
| 8.10.4 |
Discuss Abraham
Lincoln's presidency and his significant writings and
speeches and their relationship to the Declaration of
Independence, such as his "House Divided" speech (1858),
Gettysburg Address (1863, Emancipation Proclamation (1863),
and inaugural addresses (1861 and 1865). |
| 8.10.5 |
Study the views
and lives of leaders (e.g., Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson
Davis, Robert E. Lee) and soldiers on both sides of the war,
including those of black soldiers and regiments. |
| 8.10.6 |
Describe critical
developments and events in the war, including the major
battles, geographical advantages and obstacles,
technological advances, and General Lee's surrender at
Appomattox. |
| 8.10.7 |
Explain how the
war affected combatants, civilians, the physical
environment, and future warfare. |
| 8.11 |
Students analyze
the character and lasting consequences of Reconstruction. |
| 8.11.1 |
List the original
aims of Reconstruction and describe its effects on the
political and social structures of different regions. |
| 8.11.2 |
Identify the
push-pull factors in the movement of former slaves to the
cities in the North and to the West and their differing
experiences in those regions (e.g., the experiences of
Buffalo Soldiers). |
| 8.11.3 |
Understand the
effects of the Freedmen's Bureau and the restrictions placed
on the rights and opportunities of freedmen, including
racial segregation and "Jim Crow" laws. |
| 8.11.4 |
Trace the rise of
the Ku Klux Klan and describe the Klan's effects. |
| 8.11.5 |
Understand the
Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the
Constitution and analyze their connection to Reconstruction. |
| 8.12 |
Students analyze
the transformation of the American economy and the changing
social and political conditions in the United States in
response to the Industrial Revolution. |
| 8.12.1 |
Trace patterns of
agricultural and industrial development as they relate to
climate, use of natural resources, markets, and trade and
locate such development on a map. |
| 8.12.2 |
Identify the
reasons for the development of federal Indian policy and the
Plains wars with American Indians and their relationship to
agricultural development and industrialization. |
| 8.12.3 |
Explain how states
and the federal government encouraged business expansion
through tariffs, banking, land grants, and subsidies. |
| 8.12.4 |
Discuss
entrepreneurs, industrialists, and bankers in politics,
commerce, and industry (e.g., Andrew Carnegie, John D.
Rockefeller, Leland Stanford). |
| 8.12.5 |
Examine the
location and effects of urbanization, renewed immigration,
and industrialization (e.g., the effects on social fabric of
cities, wealth and economic opportunity, the conservation
movement). |
| 8.12.6 |
Discuss child
labor, working conditions, and laissez-faire policies toward
big business, and examine the labor movement, including its
leaders (e.g., Samuel Gompers), its demand for collective
bargaining, and its strikes and protests over labor
conditions. |
| 8.12.7 |
Identify the new
sources of large-scale immigration and the contributions of
immigrants to the building of cities and the economy;
explain the ways in which new social and economic patterns
encouraged assimilation of newcomers into the mainstream
amidst growing cultural diversity; and discuss the new wave
of nativism. |
| 8.12.8 |
Identify the
characteristics and impact of Grangerism and Populism. |
| 8.12.9 |
Name the
significant inventors and their inventions and identify how
they improved the quality of life (e.g., Thomas Edison,
Alexander Graham Bell, Orville and Wilbur Wright). |